Microcrystalline ceramic beads embedded on a center core.
Arrow denotes 3M Elements product; Yellow lines are from another brand.
The non-wet retroreflective yellow lines and the white wet retroreflective line are both visible.
Both non-wet retroreflective and wet retroreflective materials are visible.
The competitor product is not wet retroreflective and therefore not visible when wet, while the white wet retroreflective line containing 3M Elements remains visible.
The Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) studied crashes on a stretch of roads where wet weather pavement markings were installed between 2011 and 2017. The results suggest that 3M Elements wet-weather pavement markings have positive safety benefits in all conditions — wet, dry, day, and night.
Here’s what TTI found:
Almost half of crashes happen at night. Most of those crashes occur in wet conditions and during rainfall, with lack of lane integrity being the other major factor in those crashes.
3M Elements make lines more visible not only in rain and darkness, but also in the clear light of day. As shown in the image, the dark areas on the first two lines indicate water coverage. Even when covered in water, the 3M Elements line shows minimal dark areas, ensuring clear visibility. In combination with durable binders, 3M Elements maintain visibility when water covers the roadway line.
a. Refractive index of the optics
Optics with a 2.4 or higher refractive index are optimal for retroreflectivity in rainy conditions. Optics with 1.5 to 1.9 refractive index retroreflect light when they protrude from water on the surface of the road.
b. Size of optics
Larger or taller optics can more easily protrude from a puddle or film of water and provide a more vertical surface to capture incoming headlamp light to retroreflect to the driver. Glass beads smaller than a few hundred microns in diameter on a flat marking are quickly covered in even low to moderate rainfall events and become invisible at night. Generally, the larger the bead the more rainfall it can accommodate to keep a portion of the bead above the surface. However, at high enough rainfall levels all the optics become covered with a film of water, and if the optics are only optimized for dry performance (1.5 to 1.9 refractive index), they will become invisible at night as well. Optics with 2.4 or higher refractive index beads work best when covered with a film of water.
c. Water surface – glassy smooth vs. rippled/raining vs. flowing
When light hits a glassy smooth surface, like a still puddle, some of the light reflects off of it, and some penetrates the water to reach the optics. Less light will penetrate at longer distances and higher angles. Rain or flowing water disrupts the smooth surface, allowing more light to penetrate and reach the optics so they can retroreflect the light. To minimize the negative effects of still puddles covering the markings, roads should be designed with adequate cross slope, and grooves, if used, should be cut following manufacturers’ recommended depth to balance visibility and protection from snowplows. When puddles over the marking cannot be avoided, optics that can retroreflect when underwater, such as those with 2.4 or higher refractive index beads, provide the longest viewing distances for drivers.
d. Viewing distance
Higher wet retroreflectivity performance is needed to see markings at longer distances. This is true for wet and dry retroreflectivity.
e. Water depth and clarity
The deeper and dirtier the water is over the marking, the more likely it is to filter light, preventing some portion of the light from returning to the driver.
f. Grade and cross slope of the road
Roads with sufficient cross slope and/or grade allow the water to flow over the marking, which improves wet retroreflectivity by preventing the water from forming a glassy smooth surface.
g. Hydrophobicity
Hydrophobicity, literally meaning fear of water, is a phenomenon that typically affects new markings. Their surfaces are smoother and may contain water repellent treatments or components. Water can easily bead up and shed from the markings and optics, like from off a raincoat, providing a partially dry surface. This allows optics with 1.5 to 1.9 refractive index to be much more visible than if there was a continuous film of water over the surface. With exposure to traffic and weather, the surface becomes more hydrophilic (water-loving), and the optics are more easily covered by water. Wet-reflective optics with 2.4 or higher refractive index are optimized for these conditions.
*Source: Park, ES., Carlson, P., Pike, A., “Safety Effects of Wet-Weather Pavement Markings.” Transportation Research Board 2019 Annual Meeting: Available from: https://trid.trb.org/view/157225